总结:注册的时候经过MD5加密存进数据库,在登录的时候需要先加密输入的密码,再进行和数据库里的比对,因为同一字符串加密后是一样的,并不是无规则的:实例:string name = this.TextBox1.Text;string pwd = System.Web.Security.FormsAuthentication.HashPasswordForStoringInConfigFile(this.TextBox2.Text, "MD5");Response.Write(name+"<br>"+pwd);------------------------------------------------分界线--------------------------------------------------.NET将原来独立的API和SDK合并到一个框架中,这对于程序开发人员非常有利。它将CryptoAPI改编进.NET的System.Security.Cryptography名字空间,使密码服务摆脱了SDK平台的神秘性,变成了简单的.NET名字空间的使用。加密和解密的算法System.Security.Cryptography名字空间包含了实现安全方案的类,例如加密和解密数据、管理密钥、验证数据的完整性并确保数据没有被篡改等等加密和解密的算法分为对称(symmetric)算法和不对称(asymmetric)算法。对称算法在加密和解密数据时使用相同的密钥和初始化矢量,通过私钥对数据块进行加密,只有与之对应发布的公钥才能解密。从而确保了发布消息的正确身份。典型的有DES、 TripleDES和Rijndael算法,它适用于不需要传递密钥的情况,主要用于本地文档或数据的加密。不对称算法有两个不同的密钥,分别是公共密钥和私有密钥,公共密钥在网络中传递,用于加密数据,而私有密钥用于解密数据。不对称算法主要有RSA、DSA等,主要用于网络数据的加密。--------------------------------------------------------------------------部分名词密钥 Secret key对称加密算法 symmetric cryptography非对称加密算法 asymmetric cryptography数字签名 digital signature证书 certificate认证授权 certificate摘要 digest---------------------------------------------------------------------------.NET的提供的加密功能类对称加密类System.Security.Cryptography.SymmetricAlgorithmSystem.Security.Cryptography.DESSystem.Security.Cryptography.RC2System.Security.Cryptography.RijndaelSystem.Security.Cryptography.TripleDES非对称加密类 System.Security.Cryptography.AsymmetricAlgorithmSystem.Security.Cryptography.DSASystem.Security.Cryptography.RSA---------------------------------------------------------------------------具体使用方法加密和解密本地文档 使用的是Rijndael对称算法对称算法在数据流通过时对它进行加密。因此首先需要建立一个正常的流(例如I/O流)。文章使用FileStream类将文本文件读入字节数组,也使用该类作为输出机制。接下来定义相应的对象变量。在定义SymmetricAlgorithm抽象类的对象变量时我们可以指定任何一种对称加密算法提供程序。代码使用的是Rijndael算法,但是很容易改为DES或者TripleDES算法。.NET使用强大的随机密钥设置了提供程序的实例,选择自己的密钥是比较危险的,接受计算机产生的密钥是一个更好的选择,文中的代码使用的是计算机产生的密钥。算法实例提供了一个对象来执行实际数据传输。每种算法都有CreateEncryptor和CreateDecryptor两个方法,它们返回实现ICryptoTransform接口的对象。最后,现在使用BinaryReader的ReadBytes方法读取源文件,它会返回一个字节数组。BinaryReader读取源文件的输入流,在作为CryptoStream.Write方法的参数时调用 ReadBytes方法。指定的CryptoStream实例被告知它应该操作的下层流,该对象将执行数据传递,无论流的目的是读或者写string file = args[0];string tempfile = Path.GetTempFileName();//打开指定的文件FileStream fsIn = File.Open(file,FileMode.Open,FileAccess.Read);FileStream fsOut = File.Open(tempfile, FileMode.Open,FileAccess.Write);//定义对称算法对象实例和接口 SymmetricAlgorithm所有的对称算法类都是从这个基类继承而来的SymmetricAlgorithm symm = new RijndaelManaged();ICryptoTransform transform = symm.CreateEncryptor();System.Security.Cryptography.CryptoStream cstream = new CryptoStrea(fsOut,transform,System.Security.Cryptography.CryptoStreamMode.Write);BinaryReader br = new BinaryReader(fsIn);// 读取源文件到cryptostream
cstream.Write(br.ReadBytes((int)fsIn.Length),0,(int)fsIn.Length);cstream.FlushFinalBlock();cstream.Close();fsIn.Close();fsOut.Close();Console.WriteLine("created encrypted file {0}", tempfile);Console.WriteLine("will now decrypt and show contents");// 反向操作--解密刚才加密的临时文件afsIn = File.Open(tempfile,FileMode.Open,FileAccess.Read);transform = symm.CreateDecryptor();cstream = new CryptoStream(fsIn,transform,CryptoStreamMode.Read);StreamReader sr = new StreamReader(cstream);Console.WriteLine("decrypted file text: " + sr.ReadToEnd());fsIn.Close();加密网络数据如果我有一个只想自己看到的文档,我不会简单的通过e-mail发送给你。我将使用对称算法加密它;如果有人截取了它,他们也不能阅读该文档,因为他们没有用于加密的唯一密钥。但是你也没有密钥。我需要使用某种方式将密钥给你,这样你才能解密文档,但是不能冒密钥和文档被截取的风险。非对称算法就是一种解决方案。这类算法使用的两个密钥有如下关系:使用公共密钥加密的信息只能被相应的私有密钥解密。因此,我首要求你给我发送你的公共密钥。在发送给我的途中可能有人会截取它,但是没有关系,因为他们只能使用该密钥给你的信息加密。我使用你的公共密钥加密文档并发送给你。你使用私有密钥解密该文档,这是唯一可以解密的密钥,并且没有通过网络传递。不对称算法比对称算法计算的花费多、速度慢。因此我们不希望在线对话中使用不对称算法加密所有信息。相反,我们使用对称算法。下面的例子中我们使用不对称加密来加密对称密钥。接着就使用对称算法加密了。实际上安全接口层(SSL)建立服务器和浏览器之间的安全对话使用的就是这种工作方式。示例是一个TCP程序,分为服务器端和客户端。服务器端的工作流程是:从客户端接收公共密钥。使用公共密钥加密未来使用的对称密钥。将加密了的对称密钥发送给客户端。给客户端发送使用该对称密钥加密的信息。代码如下:namespace com.billdawson.crypto{public class CryptoServer{private const int RSA_KEY_SIZE_BITS = 1024;private const int RSA_KEY_SIZE_BYTES = 252;private const int TDES_KEY_SIZE_BITS = 192;public static void Main(string[] args){int port;string msg;TcpListener listener;TcpClient client;SymmetricAlgorithm symm;RSACryptoServiceProvider rsa;//获取端口try{port = Int32.Parse(args[0]);msg = args[1];}catch{Console.WriteLine(USAGE);return;}//建立监听try{listener = new TcpListener(port);listener.Start();Console.WriteLine("Listening on port {0}...",port);client = listener.AcceptTcpClient();Console.WriteLine("connection....");}catch (Exception e){Console.WriteLine(e.Message);Console.WriteLine(e.StackTrace);return;}try{
rsa = new RSACryptoServiceProvider();rsa.KeySize = RSA_KEY_SIZE_BITS;// 获取客户端公共密钥rsa.ImportParameters(getClientPublicKey(client));symm = new TripleDESCryptoServiceProvider();symm.KeySize = TDES_KEY_SIZE_BITS;//使用客户端的公共密钥加密对称密钥并发送给客。encryptAndSendSymmetricKey(client, rsa, symm);//使用对称密钥加密信息并发送encryptAndSendSecretMessage(client, symm, msg);}catch (Exception e){Console.WriteLine(e.Message);Console.WriteLine(e.StackTrace);}finally{try{client.Close();listener.Stop();}catch{//错误}Console.WriteLine("Server exiting...");}}private static RSAParameters getClientPublicKey(TcpClient client){// 从字节流获取串行化的公共密钥,通过串并转换写入类的实例byte[] buffer = new byte[RSA_KEY_SIZE_BYTES];NetworkStream ns = client.GetStream();MemoryStream ms = new MemoryStream();BinaryFormatter bf = new BinaryFormatter();RSAParameters result;int len = 0;int totalLen = 0;while(totalLen (len = ns.Read(buffer,0,buffer.Length))>0){totalLen+=len;ms.Write(buffer, 0, len);}ms.Position=0;result = (RSAParameters)bf.Deserialize(ms);ms.Close();return result;}private static void encryptAndSendSymmetricKey(TcpClient client,RSACryptoServiceProvider rsa,SymmetricAlgorithm symm){// 使用客户端的公共密钥加密对称密钥byte[] symKeyEncrypted;byte[] symIVEncrypted;NetworkStream ns = client.GetStream();symKeyEncrypted = rsa.Encrypt(symm.Key, false);symIVEncrypted = rsa.Encrypt(symm.IV, false);ns.Write(symKeyEncrypted, 0, symKeyEncrypted.Length);ns.Write(symIVEncrypted, 0, symIVEncrypted.Length);}private static void encryptAndSendSecretMessage(TcpClient client,SymmetricAlgorithm symm,string secretMsg){// 使用对称密钥和初始化矢量加密信息并发送给客户端byte[] msgAsBytes;NetworkStream ns = client.GetStream();ICryptoTransform transform =symm.CreateEncryptor(symm.Key,symm.IV);CryptoStream cstream =new CryptoStream(ns, transform, CryptoStreamMode.Write);msgAsBytes = Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(secretMsg);cstream.Write(msgAsBytes, 0, msgAsBytes.Length);cstream.FlushFinalBlock();
}
}客户端的工作流程是:建立和发送公共密钥给服务器。从服务器接收被加密的对称密钥。解密该对称密钥并将它作为私有的不对称密钥。接收并使用不对称密钥解密信息。代码如下:namespace com.billdawson.crypto{public class CryptoClient
{private const int RSA_KEY_SIZE_BITS = 1024;private const int RSA_KEY_SIZE_BYTES = 252;private const int TDES_KEY_SIZE_BITS = 192;private const int TDES_KEY_SIZE_BYTES = 128;private const int TDES_IV_SIZE_BYTES = 128;public static void Main(string[] args){int port;string host;TcpClient client;SymmetricAlgorithm symm;RSACryptoServiceProvider rsa;if (args.Length!=2){Console.WriteLine(USAGE);return;}try{host = args[0];port = Int32.Parse(args[1]);
}catch{Console.WriteLine(USAGE);return;}try //连接{client = new TcpClient();client.Connect(host,port);}catch(Exception e){Console.WriteLine(e.Message);Console.Write(e.StackTrace);return;}try{Console.WriteLine("Connected. Sending public key.");rsa = new RSACryptoServiceProvider();rsa.KeySize = RSA_KEY_SIZE_BITS;sendPublicKey(rsa.ExportParameters(false),client);symm = new TripleDESCryptoServiceProvider();symm.KeySize = TDES_KEY_SIZE_BITS;MemoryStream ms = getRestOfMessage(client);extractSymmetricKeyInfo(rsa, symm, ms);showSecretMessage(symm, ms);}catch(Exception e){Console.WriteLine(e.Message);Console.Write(e.StackTrace);}finally{try{client.Close();}catch { //错误}}}private static void sendPublicKey(RSAParameters key,TcpClient client){NetworkStream ns = client.GetStream();BinaryFormatter bf = new BinaryFormatter();bf.Serialize(ns,key);}private static MemoryStream getRestOfMessage(TcpClient client){//获取加密的对称密钥、初始化矢量、秘密信息。对称密钥用公共RSA密钥//加密,秘密信息用对称密钥加密MemoryStream ms = new MemoryStream();
NetworkStream ns = client.GetStream();byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];int len=0;// 将NetStream 的数据写入内存流while((len = ns.Read(buffer, 0, buffer.Length))>0){ms.Write(buffer, 0, len);}ms.Position = 0;return ms;}private static void extractSymmetricKeyInfo(RSACryptoServiceProvider rsa,SymmetricAlgorithm symm,MemoryStream msOrig)
{MemoryStream ms = new MemoryStream();// 获取TDES密钥--它被公共RSA密钥加密,使用私有密钥解密byte[] buffer = new byte[TDES_KEY_SIZE_BYTES];msOrig.Read(buffer,0,buffer.Length);symm.Key = rsa.Decrypt(buffer,false);// 获取TDES初始化矢量buffer = new byte[TDES_IV_SIZE_BYTES];msOrig.Read(buffer, 0, buffer.Length);symm.IV = rsa.Decrypt(buffer,false);}private static void showSecretMessage(SymmetricAlgorithm symm,MemoryStream msOrig){//内存流中的所有数据都被加密了byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];int len = msOrig.Read(buffer,0,buffer.Length);MemoryStream ms = new MemoryStream();ICryptoTransform transform =symm.CreateDecryptor(symm.Key,symm.IV);CryptoStream cstream =new CryptoStream(ms, transform,
CryptoStreamMode.Write);cstream.Write(buffer, 0, len);cstream.FlushFinalBlock();// 内存流现在是解密信息,是字节的形式,将它转换为字符串ms.Position = 0;len = ms.Read(buffer,0,(int) ms.Length);ms.Close();string msg = Encoding.ASCII.GetString(buffer,0,len);Console.WriteLine("The host sent me this secret message:");Console.WriteLine(msg);
}
}
}结论使用对称算法加密本地数据时比较适合。在保持代码通用时我们可以选择多种算法,当数据通过特定的CryptoStream时算法使用转换对象加密该数据。需要将数据通过网络发送时,首先使用接收的公共不对称密钥加密对称密钥。本文只涉及到System.Security.Cryptography名字空间的一部分服务。尽管文章保证只有某个私有密钥可以解密相应公共密钥加密的信息,但是它没有保证是谁发送的公共密钥,发送者也可能是假的。需要使用处理数字证书的类来对付该风险。------------------------------------------------------------------------DES对称加密算法//名称空间
using System;
using System.Security.Cryptography;
using System.IO;
using System.Text;//方法
//加密方法
public string Encrypt(string pToEncrypt, string sKey)
{ DESCryptoServiceProvider des = new DESCryptoServiceProvider(); //把字符串放到byte数组中 //原来使用的UTF8编码,我改成Unicode编码了,不行 byte[] inputByteArray = Encoding.Default.GetBytes(pToEncrypt); //byte[] inputByteArray=Encoding.Unicode.GetBytes(pToEncrypt);//建立加密对象的密钥和偏移量 //原文使用ASCIIEncoding.ASCII方法的GetBytes方法 //使得输入密码必须输入英文文本 des.Key = ASCIIEncoding.ASCII.GetBytes(sKey); des.IV = ASCIIEncoding.ASCII.GetBytes(sKey); MemoryStream ms = new MemoryStream(); CryptoStream cs = new CryptoStream(ms, des.CreateEncryptor(),CryptoStreamMode.Write); //Write the byte array into the crypto stream //(It will end up in the memory stream) cs.Write(inputByteArray, 0, inputByteArray.Length); cs.FlushFinalBlock(); //Get the data back from the memory stream, and into a string StringBuilder ret = new StringBuilder(); foreach(byte b in ms.ToArray()) { //Format as hex ret.AppendFormat("{0:X2}", b); } ret.ToString(); return ret.ToString();
}//解密方法
public string Decrypt(string pToDecrypt, string sKey)
{ DESCryptoServiceProvider des = new DESCryptoServiceProvider();//Put the input string into the byte array byte[] inputByteArray = new byte[pToDecrypt.Length / 2]; for(int x = 0; x < pToDecrypt.Length / 2; x++) { int i = (Convert.ToInt32(pToDecrypt.Substring(x * 2, 2), 16)); inputByteArray[x] = (byte)i; }//建立加密对象的密钥和偏移量,此值重要,不能修改 des.Key = ASCIIEncoding.ASCII.GetBytes(sKey); des.IV = ASCIIEncoding.ASCII.GetBytes(sKey); MemoryStream ms = new MemoryStream(); CryptoStream cs = new CryptoStream(ms, des.CreateDecryptor(),CryptoStreamMode.Write); //Flush the data through the crypto stream into the memory stream cs.Write(inputByteArray, 0, inputByteArray.Length); cs.FlushFinalBlock();//Get the decrypted data back from the memory stream //建立StringBuild对象,CreateDecrypt使用的是流对象,必须把解密后的文本变成流对象 StringBuilder ret = new StringBuilder(); return System.Text.Encoding.Default.GetString(ms.ToArray());
}2.2 范例使用非对称算法加密消息的四个主要步骤1. 获取发送者的私钥和接收者的公钥。2. 借助随机密钥(random key)和初始化向量,用对称算法加密消息。3. 用接收者的公钥为2步骤中的密钥和初始化向量加密。4. 用发送者的私钥对消息进行数字签名处理。对应的解密的四个步骤1. 获取发送者的公钥和接收者的私钥。2. 验证数字签名。3. 解密密钥和初始化向量。4. 使用解密后的密钥和初始化向量解密消息。代码分析:1. 获取密钥...{X509CertificateStore x509Store = null;if (location == "CurrentUser")...{x509Store = X509CertificateStore.CurrentUserStore(X509CertificateStore.MyStore);}else...{x509Store = X509CertificateStore.LocalMachineStore(X509CertificateStore.MyStore);}bool open = x509Store.OpenRead();X509Certificate sender_cert = null;X509Certificate receiver_cert = null;if (!open)...{throw new Exception("unable to open the certificate store");}sender_cert = x509Store.FindCertificateBySubjectName("CN=XinChen, E=none@none.com")[0 ];receiver_cert = x509Store.FindCertificateBySubjectName("CN=Sherry, E=none@none.com")[0 ];RSAParameters sender_privateKey = sender_cert.Key.ExportParameters(true);RSAParameters receiver_publicKey = receiver_cert.PublicKey.ExportParameters(false);}2. 对称算法加密 (不指定初始密钥和初始向量,则由系统自动生成)...{SymmetricAlgorithm symmProvider = SymmetricAlgorithm.Create("TripleDES");encryptor = symmProvider.CreateEncryptor();CryptoStream encStream = new CryptoStream(data, encryptor, CryptoStreamMode.Read);MemoryStream encrypted = new MemoryStream();byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];int count = 0;while ((count = encStream.Read(buffer,0,1024)) > 0)...{encrypted.Write(buffer,0,count);}}3. 用接收者的公钥为2步骤中的密钥和初始化向量加密...{byte[] key;byte[] iv;RSACryptoServiceProvider asymmetricProvider = new RSACryptoServiceProvider();asymmetricProvider.ImportParameters(receiver_publicKey);key = asymmetricProvider.Encrypt(symmProvider.Key,false);iv = asymmetricProvider.Encrypt(symmProvider.IV,false);}4. 创建数字签名使用密钥为消息散列进行加密...{byte[] signature;asymmetricProvider.ImportParameters(sender_privateKey);signature = asymmetricProvider.SignData(encrypted.ToArray(), new SHA1CryptoServiceProvider());}上面四个步骤的最后输出为encrypted、key、iv和signature解密的代码演示:1. 获取密钥...2. 验证数字签名...{asymmetricProvider.ImportParameters(sender_publicKey);bool verify = asymmetricProvider.VerifyData(encrypted, new SHA1CryptoServiceProvider(), signature)}3. 解密密钥和初始化向量...{asymmetricProvider.ImportParameters(receiver_privateKey);byte[] decryptedKey = asymmetricProvider.Decrypt(key, false);byte[] decryptediv = asymmetricProvider.Decrypt(iv, false);}
4. 使用解密后的密钥和初始化向量解密消息。...{SymmetricAlgorithm symmProvider = SymmetricAlgorithm.Create("TripleDES");ICryptoTransform decryptor = symmProvider.CreateDecryptor(decryptedKey, decryptediv);CryptoStream decStream = new CryptoStream(encrypted, decryptor, CryptoStreamMode.Read);}3.Hash散列举例...{System.Security.Cryptography.HashAlgorithmSystem.Security.Cryptography.KeyedHashAlgorithmSystem.Security.Cryptography.MD5System.Security.Cryptography.SHA1System.Security.Cryptography.SHA256System.Security.Cryptography.SHA384System.Security.Cryptography.SHA512}public static string Encrypt(string password)
...{password = password.ToLower();Byte[] clearBytes = new UnicodeEncoding().GetBytes(password);Byte[] hashedBytes = ((HashAlgorithm) CryptoConfig.CreateFromName("MD5")).ComputeHash(clearBytes);return BitConverter.ToString(hashedBytes);}